answer:Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy. University of Chicago Press. Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1-37. Van Dijk, T. A. (2019). Discourse and the denial of racism. Journal of Language and Politics, 18(4), 507-514. doi: 10.1075/jlp.19051.van

answer:The methodology for the research entitled "TV Channels Ideology: A Critical Discoursal Analysis of News Subtitles of Some Iraqi TV Satellite Channels" would involve the following steps: 1. Data Collection: The researcher will collect news subtitles from selected Iraqi TV satellite channels over a period of time. The channels will be selected based on their popularity and viewership. 2. Corpus Analysis: The collected data will be transcribed and compiled into a corpus. The corpus will allow the researcher to analyze the use of language in the news subtitles by identifying patterns such as themes, topics, and vocabulary. 3. Critical Discoursal Analysis: The researcher will use critical discourse analysis (CDA) to analyze the news subtitles. CDA is an approach that examines how language is used to maintain and reproduce power relations in society. It will help identify the power relations conveyed through the language used in the news subtitles and uncover the ideological underpinnings behind them. 4. Coding: The data will be coded for linguistic elements such as the choice of words, syntax, and grammar used in the subtitles. 5. Interpretation: The researcher will interpret the coded data to understand the underlying discursive practices and identify ideologies present in the news subtitles. 6. Findings: The findings of the analysis will be presented in the form of a report. The report will include a detailed analysis of the language used in the news subtitles, identifying patterns and ideologies that emerge from the data. It will also include an interpretation of the findings and their implications. 7. Conclusion: The research will conclude by summarizing the findings and their significance. The conclusion will also offer directions for future research and practical recommendations that can be used to improve media discourse in the Iraqi context.

answer:Van Dijk's (1980) Theory of Semantic Macrostructure is a theory that explains how meaning is constructed in discourse. It proposes that discourse structures are organized hierarchically, with higher levels providing context and framing for lower-level units. The theory emphasizes the importance of macrostructures in shaping an individual's understanding of a text or discourse. Van Dijk posits that semantic macrostructures are patterns of meaning that emerge from discourse and are created through the interaction of microstructures (sentence-level structures) and higher-level structures such as theme and topic. Macrostructures, according to Van Dijk's theory, are responsible for organizing information hierarchically, guiding our attention and focusing our interpretation of discourse. The theory identifies three levels of semantic macrostructures associated with the interpretation of discourse: 1. Global macrostructure: this level refers to the overall organization of the discourse and reflects the primary function or purpose of the discourse. It encompasses the entire text or discourse and serves as a foundation for the interpretation of lower-level structures. 2. Local macrostructure: this level pertains to the structure of specific segments or sections of the text. It is responsible for organizing information hierarchically within these regions of the discourse. 3. Thematic macrostructure: this level pertains to the interpretive meaning that arises from the text, particularly the implications and connections between segments of the discourse. It refers to the meaning of the text as a whole, not just individual sentences or segments. Van Dijk argues that these three levels work together to shape the interpretation of a discourse. As a result, an understanding of macrostructures is essential to comprehend the intended meaning of a text and its relationships to the context in which it was produced. Van Dijk's theory of semantic macrostructure has significant implications for our understanding of discourse and its interpretation. It highlights the importance of understanding the role of structure in shaping meaning. It suggests that meaning is not solely the product of individual utterances or sentences but arises from the interaction between different levels of discourse. By focusing on the larger context of a discourse, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of its meaning and implications.

answer:In the heart of Aratas Kingdom, lies a mystical land, where the sky was a beautiful blend of golden yellow and fiery orange. The sun was setting, casting a warm glow amidst the towering trees. It was a serene evening, yet there was an unusual silence in the air. The verdant trees rustled, and the leaves whispered incoherently like secrets shared only with the breeze. Far in the distance, Knight Commander Akio could see a village, shrouded in a thick mist. The maze-like mass of the forest seemed to protect the kingdom from any external threat. But that serenity was broken, for in the village lay a horror beyond belief. Akio could not comprehend the devastation that had transpired in that village. The place was rife with the sinister powers of a dark mage. The trembling notations etched within the magic circle were unlike anything seen before. The Knights were unable to find any living person or animals, and Akio's heart sank as he gazed upon the ruined scenery. All that remained was a wasteland of smoke and ash, heavy with the cries of the dead. The aura of fear and mystery was too strong for Akio and his knight companions to ignore. The villagers had been incredibly dear to the Arata Kingdom, their loss weighing heavily on the hearts of Akio and the people of the kingdom. Sorrow coated every word spoken by the villagers; Akio could feel it when he talked with them. He turned to his Knights, urging them to stay alert and ready to act, for every ounce of their strength would be needed to keep the kingdom safe from the forces of darkness. For Akio, the safety of his people was his fundamental duty and any threat to the kingdom would be met with swift action. Days passed by, and Akio continued to ponder the tragedy that befell the village. The magic circle that they had found in the village was too mysterious to ignore. The magic that the dark mage had conjured was potent, too powerful for any single person to handle, and the curses imbued into the spell circle were terrifyingly volatile. Akio knew that he had to inform the kingdom's leaders to take all necessary precautions against the dark mages. The Aratas Kingdom was too precious to allow such abominations to exist. Akio gathered a team of mages who were skilled in the art of magic, and they began to analyze the effects of the dark magic. As they delved deeper into the mysteries of the circle, they found that the circle's power was fueled by the mana of dead bodies. But to what end, they could not fathom. The Knights prepared for war, battlefronts were erected across the boundaries of the kingdom, and the mages worked tirelessly to create a defense powerful enough to repel any dark mage who dared to cross into the Arata Kingdom. Akio stood proud of his kingdom, the energy of his people inspiring him to lead them into the path of victory. It was time to prepare for anything, and the inhabitants of Aratas Kingdom knew that their fate rested in the hands of Akio and his brave knights. They had the courage and determination to face any power that threatened their peace. A storm was brewing in the horizon, and the people of Aratas Kingdom were ready for its arrival. Now, they wait, eyes and hearts committed to the aegis of their kingdom.